Many actuaries worldwide use Systematic Mortality Risk (SMR) to value actuarial prod-
ucts such as annuities and assurances sold to policyholders. Data availability plays an

essential role in ascertaining the SMR models’ accuracy, and it varies from one country to
another. Incorrect stochastic modeling of SMR models due to paucity of data has been a

problem for many Sub-Saharan African countries such as Kenya, thus prompting modifi-
cations of the classical SMR models used in those countries with limited data availability.

Infectious diseases are a public health concern, as they cause serious illnesses in humans. Among infectious diseases, malaria, leishmaniasis, and bacterial diseases account for about a million fatalities per year. Globally, two hundred million cases of malaria were reported in 2019, with over four hundred thousand fatalities. Africa is the epicentre of malaria, accounting for at least 94 percent of all reported cases. Similarly, the World Health Organization reports 30,000 new infections of visceral leishmaniasis yearly, with 20,000 deaths.

Climate variability changes ultimately impacts on agriculture and subsequently food
productivity and security. In Kenya, milk production is predominantly smallholder and
dependent on rain fed agriculture. To ensure that dairy farmers are empowered to effectively
prepare, adapt and mitigate the effect of extreme climate changes, this study aimed at
investigating the effect of climate change on milk production in smallholder farms; a case of
Nandi county, Kenya. Primary data sources of data included observed and climate model