Beef value chain is a major part of the livestock sector in Kenya contributing to food security,
livelihoods and the economy. Beef production mainly takes place in the arid and semi-arid
areas (ASALs) of the country. The value chain is climate sensitive whereby it is drastically
affected by effects of negative climate like droughts and floods. On the flipside, the value chain
is also a contributor to negative climate change through emitted methane greenhouse gas
(GHG) from the produced animals and the value chain by products and/or waste. The beef

Near-infrared Raman spectroscopy is a vibrational spectroscopic technique capable of providing fingerprint-type information on biochemical molecules. For the early detection of cancer, highly sensitive and specific biomarkers are needed. Particularly, biomarkers in biofluids can be useful in reflecting the early presence of cancer in the body.

Waterborne diseases pose major challenges in developing countries. The World Health Organization estimates that 90.0% of the 2.3 million people who die annually due to waterborne diseases come from developing countries. At the same time fluorosis occurrence in the world’s geological fluoride belts has left many people maimed due to drinking highly fluoridated water. This work is in two parts.